Araucaria heterophylla
(Salisb.) Franco · speciesAt a glance
Sources13 archives
Databases and archives Araucaria heterophylla's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation18 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility1 749 records↗
OBISOcean Biodiversity Information System3 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI18 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics31 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Araucaria heterophylla (synonym A. excelsa) is a species of conifer. As its vernacular name Norfolk Island pine (or Norfolk pine) implies, the tree is endemic to Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia. It is not a true pine, which belong to the genus Pinus in the family Pinaceae, but instead is a member of the genus Araucaria, in the family Araucariaceae, which also contains the monkey-puzzle tree. Members of Araucaria occur across the South Pacific, especially concentrated in New Caledonia (about due north of Norfolk Island) where 13 closely related and similar-appearing species are found. It is sometimes called a star pine, Polynesian pine, triangle tree or living Christmas tree, due to its symmetrical shape as a sapling.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology15
Life cycle & reproduction27
Diet & foraging1
Habitat & environment26
Physiology & chemistry18
Uses & economy15
Other traits7
Compounds documented for Araucaria heterophylla across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds13 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1R,4aR,5S,8aS)-5-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-3-methylpent-4-enyl]-1,4a-dimethyl-6-methylidene-3,4,5,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (1R,4R,9R,10S,12S)-5,5,9,13-tetramethyltetracyclo[10.2.2.01,10.04,9]hexadec-13-ene | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,4aR,5S,8aS)-5-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-3-methylpent-4-enyl]-1,4a-dimethyl-6-methylidene-3,4,5,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,4R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14S)-5,5,9,13-tetramethylpentacyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9.012,14]hexadecane | present | LOTUS | |
| (3S,4aR,6aS,10aS,10bR)-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromene | present | LOTUS | |
| (4aR,4bS,10aR)-7-isopropyl-1,1,4a-trimethyl-2,3,4,4b,5,6,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene | present | LOTUS | |
| (4aS,8S,8aS)-4,4,8a-trimethyl-7-methylidene-8-[(2Z)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl]-2,3,4a,5,6,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene | present | LOTUS | |
| (4aS,8S,8aS)-4,4,8a-trimethyl-7-methylidene-8-[(3S)-3-methylpent-4-enyl]-2,3,4a,5,6,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene | present | LOTUS | |
| 10-Epizonarene | present | LOTUS | |
| 13-Epi-Cupressic Acid | present | LOTUS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Araucaria heterophylla has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Araucaria heterophylla carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 261×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
diploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type1 752 records
Origin
Range
Depth
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions55 of 87 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Auckland, NZ | 52 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 26 |
| Canberra, AU | 10 |
| Durban, ZA | 9 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 9 |
| Saint Louis, US | 8 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 8 |
| Government College University Lahore, Dr. Sultan Ahmad Herbariumlocation not on record | 8 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 6 |
| Berlin, DE | 6 |
| Guilin, CN | 6 |
| Santiago de Compostela, ES | 5 |
| Antiguo Cuscatlán, SV | 5 |
| Tampa, US | 5 |
| Durango, MX | 4 |
| Mérida, MX | 4 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 4 |
| Wellington, NZ | 4 |
| Beijing, CN | 3 |
| MAlocation not on record | 3 |
| TAFORI-LSRClocation not on record | 3 |
| San Diego, US | 3 |
| John T. Waterhouse Herbariumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 3 |
| Chicago, US | 3 |
| HAWlocation not on record | 2 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidad del Quindío (UniQuindío)location not on record | 2 |
| US | 2 |
| Instituto para la Investigación y la Preservación del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural del Valle del Cauca - INCIVAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 2 |
| Santa Barbara, US | 2 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 2 |
| Smithfield, AU | 2 |
| Hobart, AU | 2 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 2 |
| Barcelona, ES | 2 |
| Puerto Ayora, EC | 2 |
| QVMAGlocation not on record | 2 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 2 |
| Wlocation not on record | 2 |
| Bronx, US | 2 |
| Blumenau, BR | 2 |
| Flagstaff, US | 2 |
| Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad del Ecuadorlocation not on record | 2 |
| Phyletisches Museum Jenalocation not on record | 1 |
| UNIVILLElocation not on record | 1 |
| Maringá, BR | 1 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 1 |
| Odawara, JP | 1 |
| arosemena tola, EC | 1 |
| Armidale, AU | 1 |
| Alcaldía Municipal de Garzón en Huilalocation not on record | 1 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 1 |
| Volunteer State Community Collegelocation not on record | 1 |
| Porto Alegre, BR | 1 |
| San Luis Obispo, US | 1 |
| Pullman, US | 1 |
| Altos de Pipe, VE | 1 |
| La Paz, BO | 1 |
| Salvador, BR | 1 |
| UFPRlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chapingo, MX | 1 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 1 |
| EL PASO, US | 1 |
| Honolulu, US | 1 |
| València, ES | 1 |
| Vitoria, ES | 1 |
| Brisbane, AU | 1 |
| Wollongong, AU | 1 |
| Badajoz, ES | 1 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 1 |
| Brasília, BR | 1 |
| BISHlocation not on record | 1 |
| Museo della Bonifica di San Donà di Piavelocation not on record | 1 |
| South Kensington, GB | 1 |
| Millersville, US | 1 |
| Herbarium of South China Botanical Gardenlocation not on record | 1 |
| Severin-McDaniel Insect Collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| Claremont, US | 1 |
| Riverside, US | 1 |
| NSW Dept of Planning, Industry and Environmentlocation not on record | 1 |
| Palmerston North, NZ | 1 |
| IFAN Ch. A. Dioplocation not on record | 1 |
| PUC-RSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Fort Worth, US | 1 |
| Long Beach, US | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Araucaria heterophylla was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.