Aplodinotus grunniens
Rafinesque, 1819 · speciesAt a glance
Sources11 archives
Databases and archives Aplodinotus grunniens's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation7 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility16 709 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI22 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics27 specimens↗
FooDBThe Metabolomics Innovation Centrecompounds↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
Catalogue of LifeCOLtaxonomy↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
The freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus Aplodinotus, and is a member of the family Sciaenidae. It is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life.Fish of the Great Lakes: Wisconsin Sea Grant. Freshwater Drum Aplodinotus grunniens. Wisconsin Sea Grant 2002.http://seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/drum.html. Its generic name, Aplodinotus, comes from Greek meaning "single back", and the specific epithet, grunniens, comes from a Latin word meaning "grunting".Texas Parks and Wildlife. Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens). Texas Parks and Wildlife 2011. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/fwd/ It is given to it because of the grunting noise that mature males make. This noise comes from a special set of muscles within the body cavity that vibrate against the swim bladder. The purpose of the grunting is unknown, but due to it being present in only mature males and during the spawning season, it is assumed to be linked to spawning.Schneider, H., Hasler, A. D.: Laute und Lauterzeugung beim Süßwassertrommler Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque (Sciaenidae, Pisces). In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie. Volume 43, 1960, pp. 499–517. The drum typically weighs 5 -. The world record was caught on Nickajack Lake in Tennessee, and weighed in at 54 lb. The freshwater drum is gray or silvery in turbid waters and more bronze or brown colored in clearer waters. It is a deep bodied fish with a divided dorsal fin consisting of 10 spines and 29–32 rays. The freshwater drum is also called Russell fish, shepherd's pie, gray bass,Life History Notes: Freshwater Drum Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. Retrieved on 2007-07-14. Gasper goo, Gaspergou,Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens). Texas Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved on 2007-07-14. gou, grunt, grunter, grinder, wuss fish, gobble, and croaker. It is commonly known as sheephead, and sunfish in parts of Canada,Lilabeth, Miranda and Alrene G. Sampang. Common Name of Aplodinotus grunniens. Fishbase. Retrieved on 2007-07-14. the United Kingdom,Cruz, Tess and Alrene G. Sampang. Common Name of Aplodinotus grunniens. Fishbase. Retrieved on 2007-07-14. and the United States.Freshwater Drum: Nature Snapshots from Minnesota DNR. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Nature Snapshots. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.Fishes of North Dakota: Drum Family. United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology2
Life cycle & reproduction3
Habitat & environment2
Uses & economy1
Other traits2
Compounds documented for Aplodinotus grunniens across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds37 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| L-Glutamic acid | 3,357 mg/100g | FooDB | |
| L-Aspartic acid | 2,303 mg/100g | FooDB | |
| epsilon-Polylysine | 2,065 mg/100g | FooDB | |
| L-Leucine | 1,828 mg/100g | FooDB | |
| L-Alanine | 1,360 mg/100g | FooDB | |
| Arginine | 1,346 mg/100g | FooDB |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Aplodinotus grunniens has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The solid bar is the fossil range: the span between the oldest and the youngest fossil that palaeontologists have assigned to Aplodinotus grunniens. Above itBeside it, each dot is one dated fossil find — few enough to count, so they are drawn individually rather than as a graph. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil. Where the DNA reaches further back than the oldest fossil, the gap is hatched: the ghost lineage. It means the lineage was already out there, but has left us nothing we have dug up yet.
How it livedPBDB
Record type16 717 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions21 of 46 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Champaign, US | 858 |
| University of Texas Biodiversity Collections (UTBC)location not on record | 755 |
| Ohio State University - Fish Division, Columbus, OH (OSUM)location not on record | 441 |
| Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 316 |
| University of Alabamalocation not on record | 163 |
| Texas Memorial Museum, Texas Natural History Collectionlocation not on record | 150 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 116 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 98 |
| Washington, US | 84 |
| Fort Hays State University, Sternberg Museumlocation not on record | 77 |
| Louisiana State University, Museum of Zoologylocation not on record | 74 |
| Toronto, CA | 71 |
| Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collectionlocation not on record | 70 |
| University of Minnesota, James Ford Bell Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 64 |
| University of Nebraska State Museumlocation not on record | 60 |
| Montgomery, US | 51 |
| Cambridge, US | 46 |
| Chicago, US | 40 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 39 |
| ISUAlocation not on record | 29 |
| San Nicolás de los Garza, MX | 25 |
| München, DE | 24 |
| North Carolina Museum of Natural Scienceslocation not on record | 22 |
| Tapachula, MX | 17 |
| Southeastern Louisiana University, Vertebrate Museumlocation not on record | 16 |
| Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapaslocation not on record | 14 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 14 |
| Mexico City, MX | 13 |
| CASlocation not on record | 12 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 10 |
| FishBaselocation not on record | 7 |
| New Haven, US | 5 |
| Stockholm, SE | 4 |
| 4 | |
| Mexico City, MX | 4 |
| Central Michigan University Museum of Cultural and Natural Historylocation not on record | 4 |
| APSUlocation not on record | 4 |
| Vancouver, CA | 3 |
| Iowa City, US | 3 |
| University of California San Diegolocation not on record | 1 |
| South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversitylocation not on record | 1 |
| SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung Münchenlocation not on record | 1 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 1 |
| University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record | 1 |
| Chicago, US | 1 |
| Paris, FR | 1 |
Where the DNA of Aplodinotus grunniens was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.